IBPS Clerk Exam Date 2025 Out for 10,696 CSA Posts, Exam Pattern & Selection Process

The official dates for the IBPS Clerk Exam Date 2025 have been announced. This year, a total of 10,696 vacancies are available for the positions of Clerk and Customer Support & Sales (CSA). The IBPS Clerk Exam for the prelims stage will take place on 4th, 5th, and 11th October 2025 at various centers across India.

IBPS Clerk Exam Date 2025 Out

The IBPS Clerk Prelims Exam 2025 will take place on 4th, 5th, and 11th October 2025, followed by the IBPS Clerk Mains Exam is set for 29th November 2025.  Candidates should plan their preparation carefully, keeping in mind that prelims serve as a qualifying round, while the Mains will determine the final selection.

• Preliminary Exam: 4, 5 & 11 October 2025
• Mains Exam: 29 November 2025

IBPS Clerk 2025: Overview

Below we have given the overview of the IBPS Clerk 2025 Exam.

Particulars	Details
Organization	Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS)
Post Name	Customer Service Assistants (CSA)/ Clerk
Total Vacancies	10,696
Exam Mode	Online
Participating Banks	11 Public Sector Banks
Exam Dates	Prelims: 4th, 5th & 11th October 2025 Mains: 29th Nov 2025
Selection Process	Prelims and Mains
Education Qualification	Graduate (Bachelor’s Degree)
Age Limit	20 to 28 years
Application Fees	SC/ST/PwD: ₹175General/OBC/EWS: ₹850
Official Website	www.ibps.in

IBPS Clerk 2025 Important Dates

The official schedule for IBPS Clerk CRP-XV has been released along with the notification. Candidates must take note of all important dates to avoid missing any important deadlines.

IBPS Clerk 2025 Exam: Important Dates
Event	Date
Preliminary Exam Date	04th, 05th, 11th October 2025
Main Exam Date	29th November 2025
Provisional Allotment	April 2026

IBPS Clerk Notification 2025

The Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) has released the IBPS Clerk 2025 notification under its 15th Common Recruitment Process (CRP). Through this recruitment, clerical cadre posts will be filled in participating banks across different states and union territories. Interested candidates should go through the detailed eligibility conditions before applying.

IBPS Clerk Notification 2025: Download PDF

IBPS Clerk Vacancy 2025

For the IBPS Clerk Recruitment 2025-26, a total of 10,696 vacancies have been released. The openings are distributed both state-wise and category-wise, allowing candidates to apply according to their regional eligibility and language preferences. States such as Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and several others have reported a larger share of IBPS Clerk Vacancy 2025, making them attractive options for aspirants. You can check the complete state-wise vacancy details in the section below.

IBPS Clerk Vacancy 2025
State/UT	Total Vacancies
Gujarat	753
Puducherry	19
Tripura	32
Maharashtra	1117
Ladakh	5
Rajasthan	328
Kerala	330
Telangana	261
Jharkhand	106
Sikkim	20
Mizoram	28
Jammu & Kashmir	61
Madhya Pradesh	601
West Bengal	540
Bihar	308
Chandigarh	63
Goa	87
Tamil Nadu	894
Meghalaya	18
Delhi	416
Uttar Pradesh	1315
Nagaland	27
Himachal Pradesh	114
Uttarakhand	102
Odisha	249
Manipur	31
Haryana	144
Assam	204
Chhattisgarh	214
Andaman & Nicobar	13
Andhra Pradesh	367
Lakshadweep	7
Punjab	276
Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Daman & Diu	35
Arunachal Pradesh	22
Karnataka	1170
Total	10,696

IBPS Clerk Vacancy Comparison Year-Wise

If you have been tracking IBPS Clerk recruitment for the past few years, you would know that the number of vacancies never remains the same. The numbers keep fluctuating depending on the workforce requirements of the participating banks. However, there is a positive update for 2025 this year’s notification shows a significant increase in the number of vacancies compared to previous years. To help you understand this trend better, we have shared the year-wise vacancies comparison below.

IBPS Clerk 2025 Application Form

The online application for IBPS Clerk 2025, which invited candidates to apply for 10,696 clerical vacancies in public sector banks, has now closed. With registrations completed, aspirants can no longer submit their forms. Now, all candidates should shift their full attention to exam preparation. Focusing on revising key topics, practicing previous year papers, and strengthening weaker areas is essential to perform well in the upcoming Preliminary and Mains exams.

Click Here to Apply for IBPS Clerk Apply Online 2025: Over

IBPS Clerk 2025 Last Date Extension Notice

IBPS Clerk 2025 Online Form Correction Edit Window

The correction window for IBPS Clerk 2025 applications has now closed. Candidates had the chance to update their submitted forms between 2nd and 3rd September 2025 by paying a correction fee of ₹200. With the application and correction phases completed, aspirants should now focus entirely on their preparation for the Preliminary and Mains exams.

IBPS Clerk 2025 Online Form Correction Window Notice: Click here to Open(Over)

IBPS Clerk Handwritten Declaration Guidelines

For the IBPS Clerk 2025 application process, every candidate must upload a handwritten declaration in their own handwriting. This step is compulsory as it serves as a confirmation that the details entered and the documents submitted are authentic. Any mistake whether in the format, wording, or file specifications can lead to the rejection of the application. The declaration should contain the following statement, written exactly as prescribed:

I, _______ (Name of the candidate), hereby declare that all the information submitted by me in the application form is correct, true and valid. I will present the supporting documents as and when required.”

IBPS Clerk 2025 Eligibility Criteria

To apply for the IBPS CRP Clerks-XV, candidates must meet the following eligibility requirements:

Age Limit (as on 01.08.2025): Candidates must have been born not earlier than 02.08.1997 and not later than 01.08.2005 (both dates inclusive).

• Minimum: 20 years
• Maximum: 28 years

Educational Qualification (as on 21.08.2025): Applicants must hold a Graduation degree in any discipline from a university recognised by the Government of India.

Must possess a valid degree certificate or mark sheet indicating graduation status at the time of online registration. Must enter percentage of marks while applying.

Computer Literacy: Knowledge of computer operations is essential. Candidates must have:

• A certificate/diploma/degree in computer operations, OR
• Studied Computer/IT as a subject at high school/college/institute level.

Credit History Requirement: Candidates must maintain a healthy credit history with an acceptable credit score as per the norms of participating banks.

If CIBIL status is not updated before joining, candidates must submit No Objection Certificates (NOCs) from lenders confirming no outstanding dues. Banks reserve the right to withdraw or cancel the offer in case of adverse credit records.

IBPS Clerk 2025 Application Fees

The application fee must be paid online between 01.08.2025 and 21.08.2025:

• SC/ST/PwBD/ESM/DESM: ₹175/-
• All Other Categories: ₹850/-

IBPS Clerk 2025 Exam Pattern Revised

The IBPS Clerk Recruitment 2025 process includes two computer-based tests:

Preliminary Exam

• Mode: Online
• Total: 100 Questions, 100 Marks, 60 Minutes
• Sections:
  English Language – 30 Qs, 30 Marks (20 mins)
  Numerical Ability – 35 Qs, 35 Marks (20 mins)
  Reasoning Ability – 35 Qs, 35 Marks (20 mins)

Note: For every wrong answer in the objective tests, 0.25 marks will be deducted as a penalty.

Mains Exam Pattern Revised

IBPS Clerk Mains Revised Exam Pattern
Section	Questions	Marks	Time
General/Financial Awareness	40	50	20 mins
General English	40	40	35 mins
Reasoning Ability	40	60	35 mins
Quantitative Aptitude	35	50	30 mins
Total	155	200	120 minutes

Changes Introduced in IBPS Clerk 2025 Notification

IBPS has introduced some notable changes this year for the recruitment of candidates for the clerical post. These are the following changes:

Post Renamed: The designation “Clerk” is now officially renamed as Customer Service Associate.

Detailed Pay Scale Announced: IBPS has published a full consolidated pay scale for the first time. Basic Pay: ₹24,050 – ₹64,480 with structured increments.

Revised Mains Exam Pattern: Number of questions reduced from 190 to 155. Duration reduced from 160 to 120 minutes.

Mandatory Local Language Proficiency Test: Applicants must be able to read, write, speak, and understand the local language of the State/UT applied for. Exempted if the local language was studied in the 10th grade or above.

DigiLocker Integration: Candidates can auto-fetch Aadhaar and academic certificates via DigiLocker. Eases and speeds up the document upload process.

New Edit Window Feature: A separate edit window will be provided post-registration. Allows corrections beyond the standard registration period.

Major Changes in IBPS Clerk 2025 Exam

IBPS Clerk 2025 Selection Process

The recruitment process of IBPS Clerk 2025 is completed in several stages the main stages is two like prelims and mains. Candidates have to clear each stage to move forward in the selection process. The detailed procedure is as follows:

Preliminary Exam (Prelims): The first stage is the Preliminary Examination, which acts as a screening test. Candidates need to score the minimum qualifying marks and sectional cut-offs to get shortlisted for the Mains exam.

Main Examination (Mains): Candidates who qualify the preliminary exam and appear for the main exam. This stage is important as the final merit list is prepared based on the main exam marks only. Candidates must score high marks to increase their chances of selection.

Language Proficiency Test (LPT): After the mains exam, the selected candidates may have to appear for a Language Proficiency Test (LPT). This test ensures that the candidates are proficient in the official/local language of the state or union territory to which they have been allotted. Failure to clear this test may result in disqualification of the candidate.

Document Verification (DV): The final stage of the recruitment is Document Verification (DV). Here, candidates must present their original documents such as educational certificates, identity proof, caste/category certificates (if applicable), and other required papers. Only after successful verification will candidates receive the appointment letter.

Local Language Proficiency Test in IBPS Clerk 2025 Exam

 

The Local Language Proficiency Test (LLPT) for IBPS Clerk 2025 is conducted after the Mains exam and before the final joining. It assesses a candidate’s ability to read, write, speak, and understand the local language of the state they applied for.

• The Local Language Test (LLPT) is held after the Mains exam and before final joining.
• This test just to check the ability to read, write, speak and understand the local language of the state candidate applied for.
• If the candidate studied the local language in Class 10 or above and have a mark sheet or certificate, you are exempted from the test.
• If the candidates do not clear the local language test then their selection will be cancelled.
• The test is mandatory unless the candidates meet the exemption criteria.

IBPS Clerk Pre-Exam Training

IBPS may conduct Pre-Examination Training (PET) for candidates belonging to SC, ST, or Religious Minority Communities at selected centers, as per the guidelines of the Government of India. This training is meant to help eligible candidates better understand the exam process and boost their confidence before the actual test. Those interested in attending must select the relevant option while filling out the online application form. It’s important to note that the training will be conducted at the candidates’ own expense.

IBPS Clerk 2025 Syllabus

The IBPS Clerk exam has two stages Prelims and Mains. The questions come from English, Reasoning, Maths, Computer Knowledge, and General Awareness. So, below we have discuss the syllabus for the IBPS Clerk 2025 exam.

Subject	Topics Covered
English Language	Reading Comprehension, Cloze Test, Fill in the Blanks, Spotting Errors, Sentence Improvement, Fillers
Numerical Ability	Number Series, Simplification, Approximation, Data Interpretation, Quadratic Equations, Data Sufficiency, Number System, Miscellaneous Problems
Reasoning Ability	Puzzles, Seating Arrangement, Syllogism, Inequality, Blood Relations, Direction Sense, Coding-Decoding, Order & Ranking
Computer Knowledge	Computer Basics, History & Generation, Hardware & Software, Operating System, MS Office, Shortcuts, Internet, Networking, DBMS, Security
General Awareness	Banking Awareness, Financial Awareness, Government Schemes, Current Affairs (last 6 months), Static GK

IBPS Clerk Salary

The IBPS Clerk post offers a decent starting salary along with multiple allowances and benefits.

• Initial Basic Pay: ₹24,050 per month
• Pay Scale: ₹24,050-₹64,480
• Gross Monthly Salary: ₹40,000 (approx.), depending on posting location
• Allowances Included: Dearness Allowance (DA), House Rent Allowance (HRA), Transport Allowance, Special Allowance & other allowances
• Increments: Regular annual increments and timely promotions as per bank norms
• Perks: Job stability, pension benefits under NPS, medical benefits, and paid leave facilities

Application Edit Window Introduced

For the first time, IBPS introduced a separate “Edit Window” in the Clerk 2025 application process. This feature allowed candidates to review and correct their submitted forms after registration, ensuring their details were accurate. The edit window was available only once, so applicants needed to use it carefully.

IBPS Clerk 2025 Medium of Examination

 

The IBPS Clerk 2025 exam will be conducted in multiple languages based on the state or union territory of application. Besides English and Hindi, several regional languages are also available to help local candidates. Aspirants should be comfortable with reading, writing, and understanding their state’s language, as a Local Language Proficiency Test (LPT) may be conducted after final selection.

State/UT	Medium of Exam
Gujarat	English, Hindi, Gujarati
Punjab	English, Hindi, Punjabi
Maharashtra	English, Hindi, Marathi, Konkani
Kerala, Lakshadweep	English, Hindi, Malayalam
Andhra Pradesh	English, Hindi, Telugu
Assam	English, Hindi, Assamese
Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh	English, Hindi, Urdu
Karnataka	English, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani
Odisha	English, Hindi, Odia
Manipur	English, Hindi, Manipuri
Tamil Nadu	English, Hindi, Tamil
Telangana	English, Hindi, Telugu, Urdu
Goa	English, Hindi, Konkani
Tripura, West Bengal	English, Hindi, Bengali
Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu	English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani
Puducherry	English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam
Andaman & Nicobar, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Ladakh, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Sikkim	English, Hindi

IBPS Clerk Exam Centres

The IBPS Clerk examination is conducted across various states and union territories in India, with designated centres for both the Preliminary and Main exams. To help candidates plan their preparation and logistics, this table lists all the examination centres by state, making it easy to identify where each stage of the exam will be held. Whether you are appearing for the Prelims or the Mains, this guide ensures you know your nearest centre in advance.

Andaman & Nicobar

• Preliminary: Port Blair
• Main: Port Blair

Andhra Pradesh

• Preliminary: Anantapur, Eluru, Guntur, Vijayawada, Kadapa, Kakinada, Kurnool, Nellore, Ongole, Rajahmundry, Srikakulam, Tirupati, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram
• Main: Guntur, Vijayawada, Kakinada, Nellore, Rajahmundry, Tirupati, Visakhapatnam

Arunachal Pradesh

• Preliminary: Naharlagun, Papumpare
• Main: Naharlagun, Papumpare

Assam

• Preliminary: Dibrugarh, Guwahati, Jorhat, Silchar, Tezpur
• Main: Guwahati, Silchar

Bihar

• Preliminary: Arrah, Bhagalpur, Darbhanga, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Patna, Purnea, Samastipur
• Main: Arrah, Bhagalpur, Darbhanga, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Patna, Purnea, Samastipur

Chandigarh

• Preliminary: Chandigarh/Mohali
• Main: Chandigarh/Mohali

Chhattisgarh

• Preliminary: Bhilai Nagar, Bilaspur, Durg, Raipur
• Main: Bhilai Nagar, Raipur, Bilaspur

Dadra & Nagar Haveli / Daman & Diu

• Preliminary: Surat, Jamnagar
• Main: Surat, Jamnagar

Delhi NCR

• Preliminary: Delhi/New Delhi, Delhi NCR, Faridabad, Ghaziabad
• Main: Delhi/New Delhi, Delhi NCR, Faridabad, Ghaziabad

Goa

• Preliminary: Panaji
• Main: Panaji

Gujarat

• Preliminary & Main: Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Anand, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Mehsana, Rajkot, Surat, Vadodara

Haryana

• Preliminary: Ambala, Faridabad, Fatehabad, Gurugram, Hisar, Karnal, Panipat
• Main: Ambala, Faridabad, Gurugram, Hisar, Karnal, Panipat

Himachal Pradesh

• Preliminary: Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Kangra, Mandi, Kullu, Shimla, Solan, Una
• Main: Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Kangra, Mandi, Shimla, Solan, Una

Jammu & Kashmir

• Preliminary: Baramulla, Jammu, Kathua, Samba, Srinagar
• Main: Jammu, Srinagar, Baramulla

Jharkhand

• Preliminary: Bokaro, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Jamshedpur, Ranchi
• Main: Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Jamshedpur, Ranchi

Karnataka

• Preliminary & Main: Bengaluru, Belgaum, Bellary, Bidar, Davangere, Dharwad, Gulbarga (Kalaburagi), Hassan, Hubli, Mangalore, Mysore, Shimoga (Shivamogga), Udupi

Kerala

• Preliminary: Alappuzha, Kannur, Ernakulam, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur
• Main: Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur

Ladakh

• Preliminary & Main: Leh, Kargil

Lakshadweep

• Preliminary & Main: Kavaratti

Madhya Pradesh

• Preliminary: Bhopal, Gwalior, Indore, Jabalpur, Sagar, Satna, Ujjain
• Main: Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Satna, Ujjain

Maharashtra

• Preliminary: Ahmednagar, Akola, Amravati, Aurangabad, Chandrapur, Jalgaon, Kolhapur, Latur, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nanded, Nandurbar, Nashik, Pune, Ratnagiri, Sangli, Satara, Solapur, Thane, Wardha
• Main: Ahmednagar, Akola, Amravati, Aurangabad, Chandrapur, Jalgaon, Kolhapur, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nanded, Nashik, Pune, Ratnagiri, Sangli, Satara, Solapur, Thane, Wardha

Manipur

• Preliminary: Imphal, Kakching, Churachandpur
• Main: Imphal

Meghalaya

• Preliminary & Main: Shillong, Tura

Mizoram

• Preliminary & Main: Aizawl

Nagaland

• Preliminary & Main: Kohima

Odisha

• Preliminary: Balasore, Berhampur (Ganjam), Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Rourkela, Sambalpur
• Main: Balasore, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Rourkela, Sambalpur

Puducherry

• Preliminary & Main: Puducherry

Punjab

• Preliminary: Amritsar, Bhatinda, Ferozepur, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Mohali, Pathankot, Patiala
• Main: Amritsar, Bhatinda, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Mohali, Patiala

Rajasthan

• Preliminary & Main: Ajmer, Alwar, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Sikar, Udaipur

Sikkim

• Preliminary & Main: Gangtok

Tamil Nadu

• Preliminary: Chennai, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, Kancheepuram, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Namakkal, Nagercoil, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivagangai, Thanjavur, Theni, Thiruvallur, Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli, Tirupur, Tiruvannamalai, Tiruvarur, Vellore, Villupuram, Virudhunagar
• Main: Chennai, Coimbatore, Dindigul, Erode, Kancheepuram, Madurai, Nagercoil, Namakkal, Salem, Thanjavur, Theni, Thiruvallur, Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli, Tirupur, Vellore, Villupuram, Virudhunagar

Telangana

• Preliminary: Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Warangal
• Main: Hyderabad, Karimnagar

Tripura

• Preliminary & Main: Agartala

Uttar Pradesh

• Preliminary: Agra, Aligarh, Ayodhya, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Noida/Greater Noida, Prayagraj, Varanasi
• Main: Agra, Aligarh, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Prayagraj, Varanasi

Uttarakhand

• Preliminary & Main: Dehradun, Haldwani, Haridwar, Roorkee

West Bengal

• Preliminary: Asansol, Durgapur, Greater Kolkata, Hooghly, Howrah, Kalyani, Siliguri, Shrirampur, Bankura
• Main: Asansol, Durgapur, Greater Kolkata, Hooghly, Howrah, Kalyani, Siliguri

IBPS Clerk Previous Year Question Papers

Candidates preparing for the IBPS Clerk exam can benefit greatly from practicing IBPS Clerk Previous Year Question Papers. These papers give a clear idea of the exam pattern, types of questions asked, and difficulty level. By solving them, aspirants can identify their strengths and weaknesses, improve time management, and boost confidence. Downloadable PDFs of past papers make it easy to practice anytime, helping candidates prepare effectively for both the Preliminary and Main exams.

IBPS Clerk Previous Year Cut Off

The IBPS Clerk Cut Off is the minimum score needed to pass each stage of the exam. These scores changes every year depending on things like the number of candidates, vacancies and how difficult the exam is. For the Prelims stage, IBPS releases state-wise cut-off marks in which candidates must score equal to or more than the cut-off to qualify for the next round. Below we have given the state wise Previous Year cut off marks for IBPS Clerk 2025.

State/UT	Cut Off (UR)
Karnataka	65.75
Odisha	86.75
Gujarat	77.25
Jharkhand	83.5
Bihar	79.5
Jammu & Kashmir	86.25
West Bengal	87.75
Assam	83.75
Andhra Pradesh	77.5
Madhya Pradesh	80
Tripura	80.25
Rajasthan	83.25
Punjab	81.25
Himachal Pradesh	86.75
Maharashtra	73
Chandigarh	81.5
Haryana	83
Arunachal Pradesh	71
Delhi	80.75
Uttar Pradesh	79

IBPS Clerk 2025 Promotion and Career Growth

There are plenty of professional growth opportunities available for IBPS Clerks in the banking sector. Promotions are based on performance, experience and internal exams conducted by the bank. Clerks can move up in two main ways:

Normal/Seniority- Based on years of service and internal performance, a clerk can be promoted to the officer cadre without appearing in any written examination, though interview and performance review may be conducted.

Merit/Fast-track- Clerks can appear for internal promotion exams after completing a minimum of 3 years of service (some banks require 2 years for exceptional performance). Clearing these exams can lead to quick promotion.

Promotion:

Clerk

 ↓

Officer (PO/Assistant Manager)

 ↓

Deputy Manager

 ↓

Branch Manager

 ↓

Senior Branch Manager

 ↓

Chief Manager

 ↓

Assistant General Manager

 ↓

Deputy General Manager

 ↓

General Manager

A candidate’s final position is not guaranteed and depends on several key factors:

• Performance and Seniority: Promotions are based on a combination of a candidate’s work performance, experience, and seniority within the bank.
• Internal Exams: To advance, clerks must typically clear internal written exams and interviews.
• Professional Certifications: Obtaining professional diplomas like JAIIB and CAIIB from the Indian Institute of Banking and Finance can significantly fast-track a clerk’s career progression and increase their chances of promotion.
• Dedication and Skill Development: Continuous learning, participating in training initiatives, and improving skills in various banking functions are crucial for upward mobility.

IBPS Clerk Joining Process & Training Period

After the final results and provisional allotment, selected candidates go through the joining process and training before starting their duties. Here’s how it works:

• Receive the appointment letter from the allotted bank.
• Complete document verification, medical check-up, and other formalities.
• Attend a training or induction program covering banking operations, customer handling, software usage, and daily tasks.
• Training duration varies by bank, ranging from a few days to a few weeks.
• Officially join as a clerk and begin the probation period after completing training.

Related Posts
IBPS Clerk Salary	IBPS Clerk Preparation Strategy
IBPS Clerk Syllabus	IBPS Clerk Previous Year Papers
IBPS Clerk Eligibility	IBPS Clerk Selection Process